Showing posts with label necessary. Show all posts
Showing posts with label necessary. Show all posts

Sunday, July 8, 2012

Drug Trade in Bangladesh

Crime in Bangladesh is at hand in various forms. Organized crime include drug trafficking, money laundering, extortion, murder for hire, fraud etc. Other criminal operations engage in human trafficking, robbery, corruption, black marketeering, political violence, terrorism, abduction etc.
Bangladesh is a transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries. According to the Annual Report for 2007 in print by the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), Bangladesh has become the main transit point for trafficking of heroin to Europe from Southeast Asia. The report noted that the porous borders between Bangladesh and India make a payment to the cross-border trafficking of narcotics.There are three routes used for trafficking of heroin into Bangladesh: by courier from Pakistan, by commercial vehicle or train from India, and by sea (Bay of Bengal) or by road from Myanmar.
An estimated 100,000 people work in the drug trafficking commerce in Bangladesh.
According to police reports, homicide has increased in the country in recent years. Between 2001 and 2003, a total of 10,331 cases of homicide were reported in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is on top of the list in Software piracy in the Asia Pacific region.Software vendors lose 102 million US dollars every year.There is no strict law to stop the crime in this country.
In our recent political history corruption became a buzzword in all our public sectors and even in our private organizations.Bangladesh has been acknowledged as the most corrupt country in the world for consecutive four years by Transparency International.Corruption means to draw any profit or benefit that goes touching law and harms others interest.Corruption done by many ways like bribery,favouritism,extortion,fraudulence and deception etc.Corruption is a social crime.Capitalistic economic system,unequal distribution of wealth,gap between wealth and poverty,economic insolvency,high living cost,unemployment are the social and economical causes of corruption. In a poor and underdeveloped country like Bangladesh the effects of corruption in country and politics are very devastating.If government officials are corrupt people do not get good service from them.If politicians and policy-makers are corrupt .It affects country's overall development.By corruption a group of people earn lots of means and lead luxurious life.This creates social gap between poor and rich people. Corruption in the educational systeam lowers down standard of education .All this corruption seriously harms the image of our nation and also create economic and social crimes. It is also a social problem.Due to corruption only a group of people gain but a majority of people suffer.It has became a serious national problem.we must eliminate the problem from the society.
Among the trafficking routes to Bangladesh, the vast forests and terrain areas of hill tracts and the Bangladeshi, Myanmar and Thai Fishing Trawlers are being safely used for trafficking heroin into Bangladesh.

It is alleged that heroin produced in North Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and India is by and large trafficked into  foreign countries through Calcutta, Madras and Mumbai routes of India and through Thailand and Rangoon. But the International drug barons and the Mafia network also find Bangladesh as a out of harm's way and alternate  trafficking  routes when the Indian and Myanmar routes become risky.
Bangladesh, with its longest borders with India on 3 sides and with Myanmar to the northeast has become very risky and vulnerable for drug trafficking and abuse. 
It has been spread over from urban areas to rural areas. The most frequently used drug is heroin, thereafter, phensidyl (Codeine based cough syrup) illegally transit from India and the third highest is cannabis. Bangladesh have borders with India on its three sides excluding the south, which stands on the Bay of Bangal. The three border routes are as follows:
The western routes with India are – Darshana, Zibannagar of Chuadanga, Hili and Birol of Dinajpur and Moghulhat, Aditmari, Durgapur, Fulbari, Nageshwari of Kurigram and Nawabgonj, Rajshahi, Meherpur & Debhat and Kaligonj of Khulna and Benapole, Chowgacha of Jessore.
n the otherside of Indian boundaries, there are factories/industries of manufacturing codeine based narcotics (with ‘Phensidyl’ as trade name) and are being trafficked into Bangladesh, where BSF and BDR are  guarding borders on their respective sides.
Codeine – ‘A’ class narcotic liquid has been trafficked into Bangladesh by bus, truck packed in different baggages and luggages through the above border areas in the trade name of phensidyl and also drugs are smuggled into by ships, fishing trawlers and by airways. It seems that Bangladesh has been all the time more used as a ‘transit country’ for heroin shipments using Dhaka Airport and the seaport of Chittagong as exit-points.
About 100,000 people, including 30,000 women and children, are involved in illegal drug trade in Bangladesh, the country's Department of Narcotics be in charge of (DNC) said Wednesday.

drug trade



"It is unfortunate for us that we have failed to control the use of narcotics," DNC director general (DG) Humayun Kabir told reporters Wednesday, on the eve of the globally observed anti-drugs day on June 26.


Drug addicts spend at least 460 million taka (about 6.57 million U.S. dollars) on narcotics every day, leading English newspaper The Financial Express reported Thursday quoting the DNC DG.


Kabir said there was no specific government data on the number of drug addicts or drug use in the country.
Two weeks ago, an odd incident took place while this reporter was en route to Dhaka from Cox's Bazaar, riding a renowned luxurious AC bus. The expedition was smooth all the way; however, it came to a halt when the bus suddenly stopped near the Kanchpur Bridge. It was at the crack of dawn; the passengers were waking up, all bleary eyed, some wondering what was going on. They found the bus blocked by a police vehicle. Another police vehicle was blocking the way behind the bus. A few police officers in civilian clothing carrying pistols got on board. They claimed to have been tipped off that there was a member of a drug peddling ring travelling with us, smuggling heroin and 'yaba' to Dhaka. Each and every passenger was searched, along with their luggages. After pointed for half an hour, the officers found four small packets of heroin, tucked inside a mobile phone packing box along with the phone, in the luggage carrier of the bus. While everyone was getting over the shock from what had just been found, two of the officers got busy estimating the worth of the catch. "I think each of those packs has around 250 grams of heroin," whispered one cop to the other. According to them, the total amount of heroin was about one kilogram, approaching from Myanmar through Cox's Bazaar. Police search is almost a usual occurrence on the Dhaka-Chittagong highway, as it is in Nageshwari alongside Rangpur-Dhaka highway, and on the Jessore-Dhaka highway. But drug traffickers are still mostly out of reach of the law enforcement agencies. According to a source, more than 400 drug dealers are administration this illegal business at about 374 spots in Dhaka city. A number of godfathers, including ward commissioners of Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), and one listed fugitive 'top terror' are in control of the entire business in the capital. Despite law enforcers' routine and special raids to combat the prohibited drug trading, the situation virtually remains unchanged as most of the arrested drug dealers resume their businesses after securing bail from the court. The arrested drug peddlers can easily get out of jail due to the loopholes in police reports in connection with the cases The Department of Narcotics Control (DNC) sources said that the amount of drugs seized is only 10 per cent of the total drugs smuggled into the country. Some 100,000 people are engaged in this illegal trade, and 30 per cent of those charged with drug industry are women and children. Most of the drugs sold in the drug dens are heroin, cannabis and phensedyl, as they are most preferred by the drug addicts; yaba, on the other hand, is a 'fashionable drug'. Sale of these drugs, especially phensedyl, openly takes place under the very nose of the law enforcing agencies. Drug addicts, mostly youngsters - both male and female - gather at different drug spots from afternoon till midnight. The traders normally adopt new ntactics to increase their business.According to some intelligence sources, the
highest number of illegal drug spots has been identified in Dhaka's Jatrabari, Demra, Shyampur and Kadamtoli thanas, where 93 drug dens are active. About 87 sellers are dealing at those spots. "I think it will be very difficult to remove drugs from the city because Bangladesh lies on one of the most central drug trafficking routes in the world," said an official from DNC. According to DNC, there are two major drug trafficking routes that are being used to smuggle huge amounts of illegal substances around the world, with each consignment being significance thousands of dollars. One of these routes starts from Golden Triangle, ending up in Canada via Myanmar, Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Middle East, Europe and the US. The other route starts from Golden Crescent, ending up in Canada via Pakistan, Middle East, Africa, Europe and the US. Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent are the two major opium-producing areas in Asia. Golden Triangle covers the mountains of Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos and Thailand; Golden Crescent overlaps the mountainous territories of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Apart from this, NDC marked another route that goes from beginning to end Bangladesh, India, Middle East, Indian Ocean, Europe, the USA and Canada. The vast forests and hilly terrains of Southeast Bangladesh provide shelter to the drug smugglers. Bangladeshi, Burmese and Thai fishing trawlers are recurrently used to bring heroin into Bangladesh. As mentioned in various intelligence reports, heroin produced in North Myanmar, Laos,Thailand and India is generally trafficked to foreign countries through Kolkata, Chennai(formerly named Madras) and Mumbai of India, Thailand and Yangon of Myanmar. However,international drug barons and the mafia find Bangladesh as a safe alternative way when the Indian and Burmese routes become risky. Dr Imtiaz Ahmed, professor of International Relations at Dhaka University, stated that goods worth more than US $3.5 billion are smuggled every year. Visiting extensively alongside the Bangladesh-India border, this reporter found that Indian border authorities help smugglers in trafficking drugs into Bangladesh; they are even involved in human trafficking. This watching was also backed up in a top national intelligence source. According to the Border Guards Bangladesh headquarters, drugs worth more than Tk 4.538 billion including heroin, cocaine, opium, charas, phensedyl and marijuana was seized earlier this year from the Bangladesh-India border. Phensedyl, a cough syrup that is banned in Bangladesh and one of the choicest substances namong the youngsters, is quite easy to supply. nThere are more than hundreds of mini factories near the Indian wall of the border that produce
phensedyl. It is strictly prohibited in Kuchbihar, Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya; any physician who prescribes this drug will be punished. Reliable sources from the Indian side of the border said to this reporter that these drugs originate from India and gain access to Bangladesh
through the porous border, under the patronage of RAW officials.A senior official of the Directorate of Narcotics admitted that the inflow of drugs from India can hardly be checked. Despite many attempts, only 5 per cent of the total quantity of smuggled drugs is seized by Bangladesh border authorities; the drug pushers manage to smuggle the rest using road, rail and water ways. Bangladesh is a signatory to all the three UN Conventions of 1961, 1971 and 1988 and the SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1990. Obligated under these conventions and being in the close proximity of the two major heroin-producing areas, Bangladesh has full various measures to stop, or atleast restrict, imports. However, there has been very little progress. There are several drug trafficking routes between India and Bangladesh. The western routes go through Darshana, Jibonnagar ofChuadanga, Hili and Birol of Dinajpur,Moghulhat, Aditmari, Durgapur, Fulbari, Nageshwari of Kurigram, and Nawabgonj, Rajshahi, Meherpur and Debhat, Kaligonj of Khulna, and Benapole, and Chowgachha of Jessore. Eastern routes are through Akhaura, Jhautala, Sadullahpur, Nawgaon, Singer Beel, Col Bazaar, Gangasagar and Kasba of
Brahmanbaria, Bibirbazar, Chagalnaiya, Maharajganj and Gutuma of Feni, Barkal and Baghaichari of Rangamati, Chittagong, Teknaff of Cox's Bazaar, and Dighinala, Panchari, and Matiranga of Khagrachari. Northern routes include Haluaghat (Telikhali/Karaitali/Surjyapur/Bandarkata/Munsirhat/ Munshipara) of Mymensing and Durgapur (Bijoypur and Bhabani area) of Netrokona and Bangla Banda, Bhurungabari, Jhenaigati, Sunamgonj and Tamabil. Investigation by this reporter revealed that there are three important drug wholesaling spots in Dhaka city: Amin Bazar at Gabtali, Ashulia at Uttara and Chittagong road near Jatrabari. These three locations are the safe spots for the rewarding drug trading and dumping house. 'The drugs are carried into the capital through Jessore Road inside coconuts," said a drugs carrier from Amin Bazar. The 'goods' are then sold at various points of Mirpur 1, Gabtali and Amin Bazar, currently single-handedly controlled by the notorious armed group GangchilBahini."Besides drugs, they also sellarms which are smuggled through the Indian border," said a tea stall owner from Ashulia. "Most of these drugs and arms are wrapped in plastic and dumped under water in the lake in Ashulia, or are hidden near the lake premises," he shared. "When daylight breaks, the retailers fro mthe city arrive to buy them, which they in turn sell to their customers in Dhaka,"added the tea stall owner.Interestingly, last year the expense of DNC to extract illegal substances was Tk 183,199,589 but drugs recovered were worth much less. It is funny that DNC claimed to have held only 9.5 kg heroin last year, while a DNC insider told this reporter that the actual quantity was a lot more. DNC is headed by a director general. It has a sanctioned manpower of 1,283, but the existing manpower totals 868. A DNC official asserted that it is difficult to run the operation with such inadequate manpower. However, the intelligence agencies regarded the statement as a funny excuse. All we can do now is hope that the concerned authorities will get just about to take appropriate and effective means to put a stop to drug trafficking in this country. 


drug trade


Dhaka: Bangladesh has become the prime transit route for trafficking heroin to Europe from Southeast Asia, according to a report from the International Narcotics Control Board 2007 annual report that was released on Wednesday.
Dhaka: Bangladesh has become the prime transit route for trafficking heroin to Europe from Southeast Asia, according to a report from the International Narcotics Control Board 2007 annual report that was released on Wednesday.An independent and quasi-judicial monitoring body which implements UN drug-related conventions, the INCB also blamed a lack of resources and training of law enforcement agencies for Bangladesh's failure to 'properly implement' its drug control policy.

Bangladesh
police are quoted in the report as saying that the Chittagong seaport is the "main exit point for drugs leaving the country," while the rest is smuggled out through Sylhet and Chittagong airports.

The report also cites press reports of couriers trying to smuggle heroin to Europe on their way from
Pakistan through the Zia international airport in Dhaka.

The report observed that the use of Bangladeshi courier services for drug trafficking is on the rise, with drugs shipped primarily to Canada and South Africa, citing the seizure of 550 kilograms of ephedrine in February 2007. 
On July 28, 2010 an article was published in the Telegraph (Kolkata, India) under the heading 'Glare on African drug cartels' written by Pankaj Sharma. The article focused on the increased participation of African nationals, especially Nigerians, in the regional drug trade. Among other things, the article quoted one unnamed customs official as saying that these African (Nigerian) syndicates who traditionally operate from the heroin trafficking routes (the drugs are trafficked from the Golden crescent in Afghanistan through Pakistan) in the Western border of Pakistan and India are increasingly using the North Eastern states (in this case the drugs are trafficked from the Golden triangle of Myanmar) for achieving their business purposes.
So what does this have to do the current or future scenario in Bangladesh? Barely 24 hours after this article was published in Kolkata, only 252 km away in a city called Dhaka, a Nigerian national Afolayan Oladipupo Zaccheaus was apprehended in the Shahjalal International Airport trying to smuggle six kilograms of heroin estimated to be worth 6 crore taka to Malaysia using Bangladesh as the transit country. Credit for this discovery lies with a customs official named of Rasheda Parveen. The customs official at Departure gate no. 3 noticed some anomaly in the colour of the steel handle of the luggage. She immediately suspected that something was amiss. Had the steel handle been vacant i.e. if there was nothing inside the handle, the scanners would have displayed a slightly different colour. As it turned out, she was right, the steel handles did contain something -- 58 small foil packs with white powder inside a total of 10 aluminium packs. Zaccheaus tried to flee the scene but was quickly apprehended by the Armed Police Battalion. His partner Ratmi Aziz however, managed to escape. examination in the case is currently ongoing.
This is hardly the first time that foreigners have been caught for drug trafficking in Bangladesh. As his passport shows, Zaccheaus himself has been to Bangladesh seven times. This year alone, he has been in Bangladesh four times. "He is very familiar with our country," comments Shahidul Mannaf Kabir, Superintendent, Department of Narcotics Control, Airport in-charge, the agency that is handling the exploration. "I asked him in Bangla, 'what is your name' and he replied promptly. As he was taken to the prison cell, he shook hands with all the other prisoners and exchanged courteous greetings. I was astounded by the astuteness of this foreigner. He knows that he is likely to languish here for some time and under such circumstances he needs to be on good terms with the other local prisoners."
His words were echoed by an officer of an elite law enforcement agency: "He has been in Bangladesh seven times. What do you think he was here for? Playing football for Rahmatganj?" quips the officer on condition of anonymity. "Since the 80s, Nigerians are regular visitors to this country. The High Commission of Bangladesh has been giving them tourist visas on a regular basis, no questions asked. Bangladesh is not exactly a tourist's paradise, especially not for citizens of another third world country situated in another part of the world. There are many international students who come to Bangladesh from those parts of the world and their presence in our country is mutually beneficial. About the others I have my reservations." while we're on the subject, Zaccheaus was posing as a stock lot broker of ready-made garments, although he has always been travelling to Bangladesh on a tourist visa. An identity card found on him dating back to 2008 reads that he is a member of Rahmatganj Muslim society.
Zaccheaus's passport has revealed that he is a regular traveller and his places of frequent visits include India, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, UAE, Nepal and the Philippines.
In recent years, Nigerians have been heavily involved in Indian drug trafficking, ranging from Mumbai on the West coast to the North Eastern states, often known as the seven sisters. UAE, the last destination of Zaccheaus, has also been suffering from operations of international crime syndicates.


The world’s major heroin smuggling route.
In June 2006 the arrest of a footballer Ozor Michael in Nepal revealed the existence of a flourishing global drug syndicate linked to Afghanistan and Europe. Michael was a footballer in a top Nigerian club. His passport raised worries among Nepalese narcotics officers as it revealed that he had travelled on a very suspicious route -- Afghanistan, Dubai and Doha. Like many Nigerian drug traffickers arrested before and after him, Michael claimed that it was his love for football that brought him to this country.
In Thailand, Nigerians also have a heavy hand in drug trafficking operating from the capital city Bangkok. The presence of foreigners in other places is too conspicuous and drugs are brought from the Burmese border by Thai local smugglers who then sell it to the Nigerian 'mules' who carry the merchandise by air to their destined places. Bangkok has one of the world's busiest airports and accordingly this makes smuggling drugs a lot easier. Proximity to the Golden Triangle of Myanmar has made Thailand a haven for local and international drug syndicates. Nigerian syndicates also activate in other South Eastern countries in conjunction with local criminals.
Zaccheaus has himself claimed that in the last few days he has been to Cox's Bazaar and Comilla. Cox's Bazaar lies near Teknaf, the main border town with Myanmar, which is the second largest producer of heroin after Afghanistan. Comilla lies in close proximity to the border with Tripura, the gateway to the seven sisters. As mentioned earlier, Nigerian organised groups are very active in the North Eastern states of India. So it would have seemed appropriate that he had good reasons to be in Comilla or Cox's Bazaar for his 'business' purposes.
However, there is one setback in this initial testimony. In Bangladesh, foreigners are a rare sight, especially in the countryside, and they attract a lot of attention from curious onlookers, many of whom have never seen an outsider in their life. Consider the fact that this particular foreigner is a drug trafficker and it would be literally impossible for him to be involved in underhanded dealings in most places in Bangladesh without attracting the undue attention of hundreds of locals. “He is definitely not telling us the truth. By stating Comilla and Cox's Bazaar as the places he last visited, he is only trying to misdirect the investigation and cover up the point in Dhaka from where he actually receives the supplies,” says Shahidul Mannaf Kabir. “We shall hopefully get to the bottom of the whole affair once he is placed on remand.” The magistrate court granted three days remand on August 3.
A law enforcement official specialising in Narcotics expresses similar views. “The Nigerians cannot operate clandestinely unless they are in the posh areas of Banani and Gulshan where the sight of foreigners are more common and they can mix among their own people,” he says. The official requesting anonymity also expressed disappointment concerning the immigration system of Bangladesh.
“The airport is operated by 18 different agencies. There is little co-ordination between the different agencies. As far as the Immigration Police is concerned, they can only check the passports, make sure they are not forged and then authorise the traveller. They cannot open the baggage, which is done by the Customs officials. The background officials have played little role in stopping the flow of drugs from the international airports,” says the official. “Most custom officials are more occupied with other affairs from where they can derive an income.” He, however, praised the efforts of the official who had detected the white powder but maintained that such people were a rarity. “The system needs an overhaul. Bangladesh has long been a transit point for trafficking drugs to other countries and the vast majority of the consignments pass through the international airports, especially the one in Dhaka.”
The international illegal drug syndicates change their modus operandi almost instantly when their contraband goods are seized by the law enforcing agencies, he said. They also change their routes and the system of carriage making it extremely difficult for DNC members to detect their movements.

Meanwhile another official of the department said that a total of 7,881 kilograms of heroin, 25,961 bottles of contraband Indian Phensidyl syrup, 240 kilograms of cannabis, 49 of cannabis plants and 1437 ampoules of Pathedine, 14,50,210 poppy foliage and other contraband drugs were seized between January and May".


Despite attempts to stop smuggling of drugs, such as heroin and Yaba tablets from
Burma to Bangladeshthe armed forces and other law enforcing agencies cannot seem to control the rampant trade in drugs. It continues unabated, an intellectual said.

In
Bangladesh the middle class, including students are into the use of Yaba tablets and other drugs coming from Burma forcing the Bangladesh government to crack down against drug users and dealers. The surplus drugs, including Yaba tablets are dispatched to other countries, said an observer.

The members of law enforcing agencies and the staff members of the DNC are in a position to nab the dealers and retailers. But the ring leaders of the drug mafia and godfathers remain out of reach as they are well organized and equipped with sophisticated firearms and telecommunication gadgets.

 
 The governments of Pakistan and Bangladesh on Monday decided to initiate cooperation in counterterrorism, counter narcotics and drug trafficking.
The fifth round of Pakistan-Bangladesh bilateral consultations was held here with Pakistani side led by Foreign Secretary Salman Bashir and Bangladesh handing over by its Foreign Secretary M Mijarul Quayes.
During the three hour-long discussion, including the lunch hosted by the foreign secretary in honour of the foreign secretary of Bangladesh, the two sides held a detailed overview of political, economic and trade, defence, cultural, educational and consular issues.
"The two foreign secretaries agreed to give fresh impetus to the promotion of bilateral relations and a comprehensive partnership," said the foreign office spokesman, Abdul Basit, in a statement. They agreed to the holding of next meeting of Joint Economic Commission and biannual consultations at senior officials' level."
It was also decided to initiate support in counterterrorism, counter-narcotics and drug trafficking besides facilitating visas and enhancing connectivity by direct shipping and more air links, he said. Basit said the next round of bilateral consultations would be held in Dhaka in 2011.

drug trade



 




Saturday, June 23, 2012

Trade in Japan

Japan reported a trade deficit equivalent to 907 Million JPY in May of 2012. Historically, from 1979 until 2012, Japan Balance of Trade averaged 652.9 Billion JPY reaching an all time high of 1608.7 Billion JPY in September of 2007 and a record low of -1476.9 Billion JPY in January of 2012. Exports have been the main engine of Japan's economic growth in the past six years. Japan imports raw materials and processes them into high technology products. Japan’s major exports are: consumer electronics, automobiles, semiconductors, optical fibers, optoelectronics, optical media, facsimile and copy machines. Its main trading partners are The United States, China and European Union. This page includes a chart with historical data for Japan Balance of Trade
For many years, export promotion was a large issue in Japanese government policy. Government officials recognized that Japan needed to import to grow and develop, and it needed to generate exports to pay for those imports. After 1945, Japan had difficulty exporting enough to pay for its imports until the mid-1960s, and resulting deficits were the justification for export promotion programs and import restrictions.
The belief in the need to promote exports is early strong and part of Japan's self-image as a "processing nation." A processing nation must import raw materials but is able to pay for the imports by adding value to them and exporting some of the output. Nations grow stronger economically by moving up the industrial ladder to produce products with greater value added to the basic inputs. Rather than letting markets accomplish this movement on their own, the Japanese government felt the economy should be guided in this direction through industrial policy.
Japan's methods of promoting exports has taken two paths. The first was to develop world-class industries that can initially substitute for imports and then compete in international markets. The second was to provide incentives for firms to export.
During the first two decades after World War II, export incentives took the form of a combination of tax relief and government assistance to build export industries. After joining the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1964, however, Japan had to drop its major export incentive — the total exemption of export income from taxes — to comply with IMF procedures. It did maintain into the 1970s, however, special tax treatment of costs for market development and export promotion.
Once chronic trade deficits came to an end in the mid-1960s, the need for export promotion policies diminished. Virtually all export tax incentives were eliminated over the course of the 1970s. Even JETRO, whose initial function is to assist smaller firms with overseas marketing, saw its role shift toward import promotion and other activities. In the 1980s, Japan continued to use industrial policy to promote the growth of new, more sophisticated industries, but direct export promotion measures were no longer part of the policy package.
The 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of policies to restrain exports in certain industries. The great success of some Japanese export industries created a backlash in other countries, either because of their success per se or because of allegations of unfair competitive practices. Under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) guidelines, nations have been reluctant to raise tariffs or impose import quotas. Quotas violate the guidelines, and raising tariffs goes against the general trend among industrial nations. Instead, they have resorted to convincing the exporting country to "voluntarily" restrain exports of the offending product. In the 1980s, Japan was quite willing to carry out such export restraints. Among Japan's exports to the United States, steel, color television sets, and automobiles all were subject to such restraints at various times
U.S. goods and services trade with Japan totaled $267 billion in 2011 (latest data available for goods and services trade combined). Exports totaled $113 billion; Imports totaled $154 billion. The U.S. goods and services trade deficit with Japan was $40 billion in 2011.
Japan is currently our 4th largest goods trading partner with $195 billion in total (two ways) goods trade during 2011. Goods exports totaled $66 billion; Goods imports totaled $129 billion. The U.S. goods trade deficit with Japan was $63 billion in 2011.
Trade in services with Japan (exports and imports) totaled $72 billion in 2011 (latest data available for services trade). Services exports were $47 billion; Services imports were $25 billion. The U.S. services trade surplus with Japan was $22 billion in 2011.
Launched in November 2010, the U.S.-Japan Economic Harmonization Initiative (EHI) is a new bilateral Initiative that aims to contribute to our countries’ economic growth by promoting cooperation to harmonize approaches that facilitate trade, address business climate and individual issues, and advance coordination on regional issues of common interest.

Japan was the United States' 4th largest goods export market in 2011.
U.S. goods exports to Japan in 2011 were $66.2 billion, up 9.4% ($5.7 billion) from 2010, and up 1.4% from 2000. U.S. exports to Japan accounted for 4.5% of overall U.S. exports in 2011.
The top export categories (2-digit HS) in 2011 were: Optic and Medical Instruments ($7.7 billion), Machinery ($5.7 billion), Cereals (corn and wheat) ($5.6 billion), Electrical Machinery ($5.0 billion), and Aircraft ($4.8 billion).
U.S. exports of agricultural products to Japan totaled $14.1 billion in 2011, our 4th largest export market. Leading categories include: coarse grains ($3.9 billion), red meats (fresh/chilled/frozen) ($2.8 billion), wheat ($1.4 billion), and soybeans ($954 million).
U.S. exports of private commercial services* (i.e., excluding military and government) to Japan were $47.0 billion in 2011 (preliminary data), 5% ($2.3 billion) more than 2010 and 43% greater than 2000 levels. Other private services (business, professional, and technical services and financial services), travel, and the royalties and license fees categories accounted for most of U.S. services exports to Japan.
Japan was the United States= 4th largest supplier of goods imports in 2011.
U.S. goods imports from Japan totaled $128.8 billion in 2011, a 6.9% increase ($8.3 billion) from 2010, but down 12.1% from 2000. U.S. imports from Japan accounted for 5.8% of overall U.S. imports in 2011.
The five largest import categories in 2011 were: Vehicles ($41.0 billion), Machinery ($31.2 billion), Electrical Machinery ($18.3 billion), Optic and Medical Instruments ($6.9 billion), and Organic Chemicals ($3.0 billion).
U.S. imports of agricultural products from Japan totaled $586 million in 2011. Leading categories include: snack foods (including chocolate) ($54 million), wine and beer ($53 million), and processed fruit and vegetables ($36 million).
U.S. imports of private commercial services* (i.e., excluding military and government) were $24.8 billion in 2011 (preliminary data) up 5% ($1.3 billion) from 2010, and up 51% from the 2000 level. The royalties and license fees, the other private services (business, professional, and technical services), and the other transportation (freight services) categories accounted for most of U.S. services imports from Japan

The U.S. goods trade deficit with Japan was $62.6 billion in 2011, a 4.3% increase ($2.6 billion) over 2010. The U.S. goods trade deficit with Japan accounted for 8.6% of the overall U.S. goods trade deficit in 2011.

Trade in Japan

The United States has a services trade surplus of $22.2 billion with Japan in 2011 (preliminary data), up 5% from 2010.
On March 31 1854 representatives of Japan and the United States signed a historic treaty. A United States naval officer, Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, negotiated tirelessly for several months with Japanese officials to achieve the goal of opening the doors of trade with Japan.
For two centuries, Japanese ports were closed to all but a few Dutch and Chinese traders. The United States hoped Japan would agree to open certain ports so American vessels could begin to trade with the mysterious island kingdom. In addition to interest in the Japanese market, America needed Japanese ports to replenish coal and supplies for the commercial whaling fleet.
On July 8,1853 four black ships led by USS Powhatan and commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry, anchored at Edo (Tokyo) Bay. Never before had the Japanese seen ships steaming with smoke. They thought the ships were "giant dragons puffing smoke." They did not know that steamboats existed and were shocked by the number and size of the guns on board the ships.
At age 60, Matthew Perry had a long and distinguished naval career. He knew that the mission to Japan would be his most significant accomplishment. He brought a letter from the President of the United States, Millard Fillmore, to the Emperor of Japan. He waited with his armed ships and refused to see any of the lesser dignitaries sent by the Japanese, insisting on dealing only with the highest emissaries of the Emperor.
 The Americans admired the courtesy and politeness of their hosts, and thought very highly of the rich Japanese culture. Commodore Perry broke down barriers that separated Japan from the rest of the world. Today the Japanese celebrate his expedition with annual black ship festivals. Perry lived in Newport, Rhode Island, which also celebrates a Black Ship festival in July. In Perry's honor, Newport has become Shimoda's sister city.
MITI was created with the split of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in May 1949 and given the mission for coordinating international trade policy with other groups, such as the Bank of Japan, the Economic planning Agency, and the various commerce-related cabinet ministries. At the time it was created, Japan was still recovering from the economic disaster of World War II. With inflation rising and productivity failing to keep up, the government sought a better mechanism for reviving the Japanese economy.
MITI has been responsible not only in the areas of exports and imports but also for all domestic industries and businesses not specifically covered by other ministries in the areas of investment in plant and equipment, pollution control, energy and power, some aspects of foreign economic assistance, and consumer complaints. This span has allowed MITI to integrate conflicting policies, such as those on pollution control and export competitiveness, to minimize damage to export industries.
MITI has served as an architect of industrial policy, an arbiter on industrial problems and disputes, and a regulator. A major objective of the ministry has been to strengthen the country's industrial base. It has not managed Japanese trade and industry along the lines of a centrally planned economy, but it has provided industries with administrative guidance and other direction, both formal and informal, on modernization, technology, investments in new plants and equipment, and domestic and foreign competition.
MITI lost some influence when the switch was made to a floating exchange rate between the United States dollar and yen in 1971. Before that point, MITI had been able to keep the exchange rate artificially low, which benefited Japan's exporters. Later, intense lobbying from other countries, particularly the United States, pushed Japan to introduce more liberal trade laws that further lessened MITI's grip over the Japanese economy. By the mid-1980s, the ministry was helping foreign corporations set up operations in Japan.
The decline of MITI was described Johnstone:
... by the early 1980s, when Western analysts first became aware of MITI, the ministry's glory days were over. In 1979 MITI lost its primary instrument of control over Japanese firms — allocation of foreign currency. The power, that is, to decide who could — and who could not — import technologies. [For example] ... MITI bureaucrats attempted to deny fledling Sony the $25,000 the company needed to license transistor technology from Western Electric.
The declining significance of MITI to Japanese companies made it a less powerful agency within the bureaucracy, and by the end of the 20th century, it was folded into a larger body. In 2001, it was reorganized into the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI)
Matthew Perry was the son of Sarah Wallace (Alexander) and Navy Captain, Christopher R. Perry and the younger brother of Oliver Hazard Perry. Matthew Perry received a midshipman's commission in the Navy in 1809, and was initially assigned to the USS Revenge, under the command of his elder brother. Under his brother's command, Matthew was a combatant in The Battle of Lake Erie aboard the Flagship Lawrence and the replacement flagship, Niagara.
Matthew's early career saw him assigned to several ships, including the USS President where he served as an aid to Commodore John Rodgers (1772–1838), which had been in a victorious engagement over a British vessel, HMS Little Belt, shortly before the War of 1812 was officially declared. He continued in this capacity during the War of 1812. Perry was also aboard the President when it engaged the HMS Belvidera when Rodgers himself fired the first shot of the war at this vessel with a following shot that resulted in a cannon bursting, wounding Rodgers and Perry and killing and wounding others. Perry transferred to the USS United States, and saw little fighting in the war after that, since the ship was trapped in port at New London, Connecticut. Following the signing of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the conflict, he served on various vessels in the Mediterranean. Perry served under Commodore William Bainbridge during the Second Barbary War. He then served in African waters aboard USS Cyane during its patrol off Liberia from 1819-1820. After that cruise, Perry was sent to suppress piracy and the slave trade in the West Indies. Later during this period, while in port in Russia, Perry was offered a commission in the Imperial Russian Navy, which he declined.

 Perry had an ardent interest and saw the need for the naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was a vocal proponent of modernizing the Navy. Once promoted to captain, he oversaw construction of the Navy's second steam frigate the USS Fulton, which he commanded after its completion. He was called "The Father of the Steam Navy", and he organized America's first corps of naval engineers, and conducted the first U.S. naval gunnery school while commanding Fulton in 1839-1841 off Sandy Hook on the coast of New Jersey.
 erry returned in February 1854 with twice as many ships, finding that the delegates had prepared a treaty embodying virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter. Perry signed the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854 and departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with imperial representatives.The agreement was made with the Shogun, the de facto ruler of Japan.

 
Trade in Japan
Japanese 1854 print relating Perry's visit.
On his way to Japan, Perry anchored off Keelung in Formosa (modern day Taiwan), for ten days. Perry and crew members landed on Formosa and investigated the potential of mining the coal deposits in that area. He emphasized in his reports that Formosa provided a convenient mid-way trade location. Formosa was also very defensible. It could serve as a base for exploration as Cuba had done for the Spanish in the Americas. Occupying Formosa could help the US to counter European monopolization of the major trade routes. President Franklin Pierce declined the suggestion, remarking such a remote possession would be an unnecessary drain of resources and that he would be unlikely to receive the consent of Congress.
A group of Japanese aerospace company representatives traveled to Mexico in May to learn about the country’s aerospace manufacturing footprint and engineering prowess in the development of the industry. The group visited aerospace clusters in the cities of Queretaro, Chihuahua, Mexicali and Tijuana, which together concentrate more than half of the country’s aerospace manufacturing.  
he history of exchange between Japan and the Netherlands started when the Rotterdam ship "de Liefde" drifted ashore in Japan in 1600. From the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 17th century, during the warring states period, Japanese culture was strongly influenced by Portugal and Spain.
In 1639, the Tokugawa Shogunate prohibited the Portuguese from visiting Japan and decided to continue official trade only with the Netherlands. In 1641, the Dutch Factory of the VOC was relocated from Hirado to Deshina in Nagasaki and trade between Japan and the Netherlands entered a new stage. At this time, the Netherlands was the only country that provided Japan with western culture. During the Edo period western culture into Japan was almost exclusively imported through the Dutch Factory of the VOC in Nagasaki.
The celebration of the 400 year cultural and economical exchange between Japan and the Netherlands has induced us to compose some web pages and offerings of a number of beautiful, rare and important items with an accent on this unique relationship between both countries.
The European Commission will next Wednesday (18 July) ask member states for a mandate to start talks with Japan on a bilateral free-trade deal. 
Advocates of a free-trade deal between the world's fourth and fifth-largest economies are urging speed, highlighting the potential to help the European Union's economic recovery. However, a third of the EU's member states have reservations about Japan's readiness for a deal and about the mandate that the Commission is seeking.
At a meeting of trade ministers on 30 May, some countries argued that the 12-month scoping exercise conducted to test the potential for an agreement should have probed more deeply about Japan's commitment to reaching a deal. The Commission refused to re-open the scoping exercise and insists that it has “clear commitments written in stone” from Japan that would not normally be made at this stage.
According to diplomats and EU officials, those countries that will push for a tougher negotiating mandate include four of the EU's largest economies: Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. The others are Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. 
The car industry is an area of particular concern. Manufacturers believe that Japan's standards and regulations – non-tariff barriers – contribute to making it 30% more costly to own a European car than a Japanese care.
There are also doubts about non-tariff barriers in the health sector, and about rules for public tenders. The prospects of agreement on public procurement have, however, improved, as the EU, Japan and the US agreed in December to open up their markets for public contracts.
Arguments for a quick agreement between the Commission and member states, an EU official said, include the EU's need for growth and the political situation in Japan, where the government is pushing through reforms against a backdrop of waning public support and divisions within the ruling party.
According to a Japanese official, the date of this year's EU-Japan summit will be set only once the EU has agreed on a mandate for free-trade talks. His EU contacts suggest that the aim is to agree a mandate at the European Council in October. That would open up the possibility of a summit in November, probably in Tokyo.
The trade mandate will also affect progress on signing a framework agreement between Japan and the EU. That agreement will be debated by European commissioners at their 18 July meeting. 

Trade in Japan


Monday, June 11, 2012

Trade in USA

According to the United States Census Bureau, the fifteen largest trading partners of the United States represent 73.9% of U.S. imports, and 71.7% of U.S. exports as of December 2011. These figures do not include services or foreign direct investment, but only trade in goods.As Under Secretary, Francisco J. Sánchez leads the International Trade Administration which assists in the development of U.S. trade policy in the global economy; creates jobs and economic growth by promoting U.S. companies; strengthens American competitiveness across all industries; addresses market access and compliance issues; administers U.S. trade laws; and undertakes a range of trade promotion and trade advocacy efforts.

Trade Agreements can create opportunities for Americans and help to grow the U.S. economy.
USTR has principal responsibility for administering U.S. trade agreements. This involves monitoring our trading partners' implementation of trade agreements with the United States, enforcing America's rights under those agreements, and negotiating and signing trade agreements that advance the President's trade policy.
The United States is Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement) sets out rules governing trade among the WTO's 154 members. The United States and other WTO Members are currently engaged in Doha Development Round of world trade talks, and a strong, market-opening Doha agreement for both goods and services would be an important contribution to addressing the global economic crisis and helping to restore trade's role in leading economic growth and development.
The United States has free trade agreements (FTAs) in effect with 17 countries. These FTAs build on the foundation of the WTO Agreement, with more comprehensive and stronger disciplines than the WTO Agreement. Many of our FTAs are bilateral agreements between two governments. But some, like the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement, are mulilateral agreements among several parties.
Another important type of trade agreement is the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement. TIFAs provide frameworks for governments to discuss and resolve trade and investment issues at an early stage. These agreements are also a means to identify and work on capacity-building where appropriate.
The United States also has a series of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) help protect private investment, develop market-oriented policies in partner countries, and promote U.S. exports.
Detailed descriptions and the texts of many U.S. trade agreements can be accessed through the Resource Center on the left.


World Trade Center



TRADE Securities ratings for Online Broker by SmartMoney Magazine, May 2011 Broker Survey, based on the following categories: Trading Tools (5 stars), Customer Service (2 stars), Banking Services (4 stars), Mutual Funds & Investment Products (4 stars) and Research (5 stars). E*TRADE overall ranked #6. SmartMoney is a registered trademark, a joint publishing venture between Dow Jones & Company, Inc. and HearstSM Partnersh
TRADE Securities ratings for Barron's annual ranking of the Best Online Brokers (March 14, 2011), based on Trade Experience, Trade Technology, Usability, Range of Offerings, Research Amenities, Portfolio Analysis & Reports, Customer Service & Education, and Costs. E*TRADE overall ranked #13.
TRADE Securities ratings based on the following categories: Web Site Usability (5 stars), Customer Service (5 stars), Research & Tools (4 stars), Costs (3 stars) and Investment Choices (3 stars).
 TRADE overall ranked #3. From Kiplinger's Personal Finance, February 2011 © 2011 Kiplinger's. All rights reserved. Used by permission and protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States. The printing, copying, redistribution, or retransmission of this Content without express written permission is prohibited. 


The complaint comes as President Barack Obama campaigns in Ohio, an important election battleground state where auto plants have been affected by the duties.

The president's re-election campaign has sought to tie his Republican opponent, Mitt Romney, to the outsourcing of American jobs to China, tapping into public worry over high U.S. unemployment that will be a key factor in the November 6 ballot.
Obama will discuss the trade action during his visit to Ohio, where he begins a tw0-day campaign bus tour that will end in Pennsylvania, where the threat to manufacturing jobs posed by competition from China also looms large among voter concerns.
"The key principle at stake is that China must play by the rules of the global trading system. When it does not, the Obama administration will take action to ensure that American businesses and workers are competing on a level playing field," a senior administration official said in an e-mail.
The administration has sought to portray itself as tough on China, while taking care not to push too hard against a rival whose cooperation it needs on a number of important fronts, including against Iran over its nuclear program.
The trade duties cover more than 80 percent of U.S. auto exports to China, including cars manufactured in Toledo and Marysville, Ohio, and Detroit and Lansing, Michigan.
"The duties disproportionately fall on General Motors (GM.N) and Chrysler products precisely because of the actions that President Obama took to support the U.S. auto industry during the financial crisis," the official said.
The WTO complaint is meant to reinforce that message and counteract criticism from Romney that Obama has not been strict enough when dealing with China.
The president's campaign has also hit Romney hard over reports that Bain Capital, the private equity firm he led, invested in companies that were early adopters of outsourcing business activities to cheap labor markets like China.
Beijing slapped anti-dumping and countervailing duties on U.S. auto exports in December 2011 on roughly 92,000 autos and SUVs, worth $3.3 billion in annual U.S. exports.
The combined duties amounted to 15 percent on Chrysler's Jeep Wrangler produced in Toledo, Ohio and the Jeep Grand Cherokee produced in Detroit, Michigan.
They were even an steeper 21.8 percent on GM's Buick Enclave and Cadillac CTS, produced in Lansing, Michigan. Foreign car makers who build autos in the United States were also hit, including Honda's Acura TL, produced in Marysville, Ohio, which was hit with a 4.1 percent duty.
(Reporting by Jeff Mason, additional reporting by Alister Bull; Editing by Vicki Allen and Doina Chiacu)

World Trade Center

he Los Angeles Lakers made a significant move that should keep them a contender in the NBA’s Western Conference. On Wednesday, they reached an agreement to acquire point guard and two-time MVP Steve Nash from the Phoenix Suns in a sign-and-trade deal that will send four future draft picks and $3 million in cash to the Suns.
The deal keeps the Lakers relevant in the West and allows Lakers guard Kobe Bryant to have a legitimate chance at a sixth NBA championship. Nash is seeking his first title. Los Angeles lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder 4-1 in the Western Conference semifinals.
Nash, 38, finished second in the league assists per game at 10.7 and averaged 12.5 points last season.
With Nash at point guard, Bryant at shooting guard and big men Pau Gasol and Andrew Bynum in the low post, the Lakers have a strong foursome to build around. However, the Lakers may still have an interest in Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard.
After Deron Williams agreed to a five-year, $98 million deal with the Brooklyn Nets, Nash was the next sough-after point guard. The Toronto Raptors and New York Knicks made serious pushes to acquire Nash.
It was unusual for the Suns to trade an eight-time All-Star and the face of the franchise since 2004-05, but instead of losing him to the Raptors for nothing in free agency or to the Knicks in a deal the Suns weren’t thrilled with, they agreed to the deal.
Nash issued this statement Wednesday night through Duffy:

For the last 8 seasons I’ve been blessed to play for a team and a city that has embraced me and that I have come to call home. This is a tough business and the only thing constant in life is change.
“After talking with (owner) Robert (Sarver) and (president of basketball operations) Lon (Babby) we’ve agreed that it’s time for both of us to move in new directions. I approached them and asked if they would be willing to do a sign and trade deal with L.A. because it is very important to me to stay near my children and family.
“They were very apprehensive and didn’t want to do it. Fortunately for me, they reconsidered. They saw that they were able to get assets for their team that will make them better, assets they would not have otherwise had and it made sense for them to do a deal that helps their team get better.
“I couldn’t be more grateful to the organization and Robert in particular. I know how hard this was for him and that fact that he was able to help me and my family in this way … it means a lot and says a lot about his character. I will never forget this gesture. Above and beyond.
“The Phoenix Suns are an amazing organization and fans should be excited about their future. I hope the Suns win a championship some day soon for all the amazing fans and wonderful people in the organization.”

USA Trade









Saturday, June 9, 2012

Trade in India

Although India has steadily opened up its economy, its tariffs go on to be high when compared with other countries, and its investment norms are still restrictive. This leads some to observe India as a ‘rapid globalizer’ while others still see it as a ‘greatly protectionist’ economy.
Till the early 1990s, India was a closed economy: average tariffs exceed 200 percent, quantitative restrictions on imports were extensive, and there were stringent restrictions on foreign investment. The country began to cautiously reform in the 1990s, liberalize only under conditions of extreme necessity. 
Since that time, trade reforms have fashioned remarkable results. India’s trade to GDP ratio has increased from 15 percent to 35 percent of GDP stuck between 1990 and 2005, and the economy is now among the fastest growing in the world.
Average non-agricultural tariffs have fallen below 15 percent, quantitative restrictions on imports have been eliminated, and foreign investments norms have been relaxed for a number of sectors.
India however retain its right to protect when need arises. Agricultural tariffs average between 30-40 percent, anti-dumping measures have been liberally used to protect trade, and the country is among the few in the world that continue to ban foreign asset in retail trade. Although this policy has been somewhat relaxed recently, it remains significantly restrictive.
Nonetheless, in recent years, the government’s stand on trade and investment policy has displayed a marked shift from protecting ‘producers’ to benefiting ‘consumers’. This is reflected in its Foreign Trade Policy for 2004/09 which states that, "For India to become a major player in world trade ...we have also to facilitate those imports which are necessary to stimulate our economy."

India and USA trade

India is now aggressively pushing for a more liberal comprehensive trade regime, especially in services. It has assumed a leadership role among developing nations in global trade negotiations, and played a critical part in the Doha negotiations.

This study finds that the competitiveness of India’s horticulture sector depends critically on efficient logistics, domestic competition, and the ability to comply with international health, safety and quality standards. The study is based on primary surveys across fifteen Indian States.
A third study, dealing with barriers to the movement of professionals is under preparation.
The Bank has also held a number of workshops and conferences with a view to providing different stakeholders with a forum to express their views on trade-related issues
The study concludes that to sustain the dynamism of India’s services sector, the country must address two critical challenges: externally, the problem of actual and potential protectionism; and domestically, the persistence of restrictions on trade and investment, as well as weaknesses in the regulatory environment.
 ,
As a number of research institutions in the country provide the direction with good, just-in-time, and low-cost analytical advice on trade-related issues, the World Bank has focused on providing analysis on specialized subjects at the Government’s request.
In the last three years, the Bank has been working with the Ministry of trade in a participatory manner to help the country develop an informed strategy for domestic reform and international negotiations.
Given the sensitivity of trade policy and negotiation issues, the Bank’s role has been confined to providing better information and analysis than was previously obtainable to India’s policymakers.

India is an important trade partner for the EU and a growing worldwide, power. It combines a sizable and growing market of more than 1 billion people with a growth rate of between 8 and 10 % - one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Although it is far from the closed market that it was twenty years ago, India still also maintains substantial tariff and non-tariff barriers that hinder trade with the EU. The EU and India hope to increase their trade in both goods and services and investment through the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) discussions that they launched in 2007. Negotiations are expected to be concluded in early 2012.

In particular since the early 1990s, India has embarked on a process of economic reform and progressive integration with the global economy that aims to put it on a path of rapid and sustained growth. Per capita incomes more than doubled during the period 1990-2005. In parallel, EU-India trade has grown impressively and more than doubled from €28.6billion in 2003 to over €67.9 billion in 2010. EU investment to India has more than tripled since 2003 from €759million to €3 billion in 2010 and trade in commercial services has tripled from €5.2billion in 2002 to €17.9 billion in 2010. However, India's trade regime and regulatory environment still remain comparatively restrictive and in 2009 the World Bank downgraded the Indian rankto165 from 120 in 2008 (out of 183 economies) in terms of the 'ease of doing business'. In addition to tariff barriers to imports, India also imposes a number of non-tariff barriers in the form of quantitative restrictions, import licensing, mandatory testing and certification for a large number of products, as well as complicated and lengthy customs procedures.
In 2004 India became one of the EU's "strategic partners". Since 2005, the EU-India Joint Action Plan, revised in 2008, aims at realising the full potential of this partnership in key areas of interest to India and the EU.
The EU and India have in place an institutional framework, cascading down from the annual EU-India Summit, to a senior-official level Joint Committee, to the Sub-Commission on Trade and to working groups on technical issues such as technical barriers to trade (TBT), sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), agricultural policy or industrial policy. These are the fora where a number of day-to-day issues, such as EU market access problems, are discussed 
o assist India in continuing its efforts to better integrate into the world economy with a view to further enhancing bilateral trade and investment ties, the EU is providing trade related technical assistance to India. €13.4million were allocated through the Trade and Investment Development Programme (TIDP) funded from the Country Strategy Paper (CSP) 2002-2006. At present, the follow-up programme to the TIDP is being designed and will be funded by the Country Strategy Paper 2007-2013.  
A successful conclusion of the Doha round would contribute significantly to a more open and stable environment for trade and investment for both the EU and India. India is also a major player in the DDA negotiations and, as a leader of the group of (advanced) developing countries known as the G20, has been one of the "G4", along with the EU, US and Brazil.
A free trade agreement with India offers great promise for New Zealand businesses. India is already one of our fastest growing markets, with New Zealand exports having tripled over the last decade” said Mr Groser.
New Zealand's exports to India were valued at NZ$630 million in 2009, a 280% increase on our 2001 exports to India and overall bilateral trade between India and New Zealand grew 180% between 2001 and 2009, from NZ$353 million to NZ$985 million. 
he British East India Company was an English and later (from 1707) British joint-stock companyformed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but which ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent.
The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea and opium. The Company was granted a Royal Charter in 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Shares of the company were owned by wealthy merchants and aristocrats. The government owned no shares and had only indirect control. The Company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its own private army, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey and lasted until 1858 when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown assuming direct control of India in the new British Raj.

India trade

The Company was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigal, powerless and obsolete. Its functions had been fully absorbed into official government machinery in the British Raj and its private army had been nationalized by the British Crown. In the modern era, its history is strongly associated with corporate abuse, colonialism, exploitation, and monopoly power.

his time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601.
Initially, the Company struggled in the spice trade due to the competition from the already well established Dutch East India Company. The Company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the Company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat, which was established as a trade transit point in 1608.
In the next two years, the Company built its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the Company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licenses to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the Company for an indefinite period, including a clause which specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.
The Company was led by one Governor and 24 directors, who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to the Court of Proprietors which appointed them. Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors.


India trade